Hydrometeorology and Climate Change
Atmosphere: General circulation, composition and structure of
atmosphere, role of meteorology in hydrology
Precipitation Process: Adiabatic process, stability and instability of
atmosphere
Atmospheric Thermodynamics: Equation of state, Dalton’s of
partial pressure, Poisson’slaw, equivalent potential temperature,
concept of air parcel, virtual temperature, dry adiabatic lapse rate
and saturated adiabatic lapse rate, hydrostatic equilibrium equation,
dispersion of air pollutants
Clouds: Classification, formation and characteristics,Monsoon
circulation, monsoon troughs, monsoon depression and tropical
cyclones
Climate and Climate Change: Components, Phenomena,
radiative forces, Energy budget and transport, atmospheric
circulation, ocean circulation, land-surface process, carbon cycle
Physical processes:Conservation of momentum, equation of state,
temperature equation, continuity equation, conservation of mass
Climate Models: Introduction to GCM and RCM simulations,
SRES, downscaling GCM outputs
ENSO: El Niño basic, Tropical pacific climatology, El Niño
mechanism, ENSO indices, predictions and teleconnections
Greenhouse effects and climate feedbacks:Global energy model,
greenhouse effect and global warming, climate feedback
Climate Model scenarios for global warming: Greenhouse
gases, aerosols forcing, global-average response to GhG warming
scenarios on temperature, rainfall, sea, ice/snow, extreme events
Reference books
David, J., “Climate change and Climate modelling”, Cambridge
University Press.
Shelton, ML, “Hydroclimatology”, Cambridge University Press
Singh, V.P. and Rakhecha, P. Book, Applied Hydrometeorology
Cotton R and Pielke RA, Human Impacts on Weather and Climate,
Cambridge University Press.
Berry I.A., “Handbook of Meteorology”, Mc Graw Hill
Hydrogeology
Introduction: Hydrogeology and its scope, hydrologic cycle and its
relation to groundwater, classification of natural waters, merits and
demerits of groundwater age of groundwater, basic geology
Classification of Aquifers:Hydrological classification of geological
materials, types of aquifers, geological formations as aquifers.
Hydraulic properties of aquifers and related materials: Porosity
and its estimation, factors controlling porosity, hydraulic conductivity
and methods of its estimation, transmissivity, storativity, specific yield
leakage factor, hydraulic resistance and specific capacity.
Occurrence and Movement of Groundwater:Geological controls in
occurrence and movement of groundwater, role of land forms,
geological structures, stratigraphic and sedimentation controls,
geographic distribution of aquifer materials
Methods of Groundwater Exploration: Geomorphological and
geological techniques, hydrological techniques, remote sensing andits
application in groundwater targeting, indicators of groundwater, use of
geophysical techniques in pinpointing water well locations
Drilling Techniques: Methods of shallow well drilling, percussion,
hydraulic rotary, reverse rotary and down the hole hammer techniques
Ground Water in Different Geological Formations:Hydrogeology of
crystalline rocks, volcanic rocks, clastic and carbonates rocks and
unindurated sedimentary formations, ground water quality in various
geological formations
Preparation of Hydrogeologic Maps: Geologic
andhydrogeologicmaps, field methods of hydrgeological mapping,
representation of hydrogeological data on geological maps
Ground Water in Regions of Climatic Extremes: Occurrence and
movement of groundwater in Arid &semi arid regions and in glacial
regions, groundwater management and quality in different regions
Hydrogeological Divisions of India: Groundwater provinces of India
and their hydrogeological features, aquifer characteristics and yield of
wells, management of groundwater
Reference Books
Singhal, B.B.S. and Gupta, R.P., “Applied Hydrogeology of Fractured
Rocks”, Springer
Fletcher, F.W., “Basic Hydrogeologic Methods”, Technomic Publishing
Company
Soliman, M. M., La Moreaux, P.E., Memon, B.A. , Assad, F.A. and La
Moreaux, J.W., “Environmental Hydrogeology”, Lewis Publishers
Karanth, K.R., “Hydrogeology”, McGraw Hill
Davis, S. and Dewiest, R.J.M., “Hydrogeology”, John Wiley& Sons
Channel and Fluvial Hydraulics
Introduction:Review of fundamentals of hydraulics, hydrostatics and
hydrodynamics
Energy Depth Relationships: Open channel flow, basic features,
uniform flow, critical flow, specific energy, specific energy diagram,
flow transitions, momentum principles, hydraulic jumps and computer
assisted calculations
Gradually-Varied Flow Theory:Steady state gradually varied flow,
governing differential equation, characteristics and classification; step
methods, direct integration method, graphical integration method of
water surface profiles, computer oriented algorithms
Unsteady Flow:Transient gradually varied flow, Saint Venant’s
equations, simplified hydraulic routing methods- diffusion wave
theory, kinematic wave theory, approximate convection–diffusion
equations, overland flow theory, computer oriented algorithms
Fluvial Hydraulics:Introduction, bed forms, incipient condition,
sediment load-bed, suspended and total loads, field measurements
Design of Channels:Regime channels, design of stable channelscritical
tractive force approach
References
Ranga Raju, K.G., “Flow Through Open Channels”, Tata-Mc
Graw Hill Publisher Company Ltd.
Subramanya, K., “Flow in Open Channels”, Tata-Mc Graw Hill
Publisher Company Ltd.
Chanson, H., “The Hydraulics of Open Channel Flow: An
Introduction”, Elsevier-Butterworth-Heinemann Company
Henderson, F.M., “Open Channel Flow”, Macmillan Publishing
Company, Inc.
Water Resources Planning and Management
Introduction:Introduction to water resources planning and
management
Reservoir Capacity and Yield:Finding reservoir capacity and yield
using mass curves
Flow-duration Curve: Determination of flows of various
dependabilities using Ranking method and Class interval method
Reservoir Sediment Distribution: Sediment distribution using
empirical area reduction method and area increment method
Conjunctive Water-use Planning: Combined use of surface and
groundwater
Reservoir Operation and Flood Routing: Reservoir routing using
Pul’s method for flood control, reservoir operation using SOP and
Zoning methods
Integrated River-basin Development: Interbasin river water
transfers – modeling for trans-boundary river basins in India, river
water disputes – modeling of various Indian river water disputes
using reservoir yield models, environmental aspects of water
resources projects
Cost benefit Analysis: Mathematic of finance, discounting
technique; Financial analysis
Reservoir Planning:single purpose reservoir and multipurpose
reservoir
Reference Books
Dandekar, M.M., and Sharma, K.N., “Water Power Engineering”,
Vikas Publishing House
Mays, L.W., “Water Resources Engineering”, John Wiley & Sons
Wood, A.J. and Wollenberg, B.F., “Power Generation, Operation
and Control”, John Wiley & Sons
Stephenson, D., “Water Resources Management”, A.A. Balkema
Publishers
Goodman, A.S., “Principles of Water Resources Planning”,
Prentice Hall Inc
Stochastic Hydrology
Definition, objectives, components and importance of time series analysis
Analysis for trends and periodicityusing non-parametric and parametric
tests, peridogram, and, Pmax and Pmin test for selection of significant
harmonics; spectral analysis,Tests for short term and long term dependence
Auto correlation analysis, AR, MA, ARMA, ARIMA models and their
application in data generation and forecasting
Synthetic data generation for various distributions and their transformations
Generation of streamflows usingThomas Fiering models, and other
disagreegation and agreegation models, and multisite models
Generation of rainfall using transition probability matrix method and
multisite models
At site, at site regional and regional frequency analysis; graphical and
analytical methods for normal lognormal Gumbel GEV and generalized
logistic distributions, L moments based methods, Goodness of fit tests like
Chi square, K-S test and L moments based tests,
Partial duration series, standard error of estimates, Risk analysis
Analysis of low flows, forecasting of low and high flows, graphical and
analytical methods, models adopted by Central Water Commission
Reference Books
Hosking J. R. M. and Wallis J. R., “Regional Frequency Analysis: An
Approach Based on L-Moments”, Cambridge UniversityPress
“Manual on Flood Forecasting”, River Management Wing, Central Water
Commission, India
Kottegoda N.T., “Stochastic Water Resources Technology”, John Wiley &
Sons
Salas J.D., Delleur J.W., Yevjevich V. and Lane W.L., “Applied Modeling
of Hydrologic Time Series”, Water Resources Publications
Box G. P. and Jenkins G.M., “Time Series Analysis: Forecasting and
Control”, Holden Day Publisher
Surface Water Modeling and Simulation
Hydrologic Simulation overview: Classification of Hydrological
Models, Components of Hydrological Simulation Models, System
identification, conceptualization, implementation and documentation
Overview of event based models and theoretical background
Overview of continuous modelsand theoretical background
Numerical solution techniques, parameter optimization, calibration
and validation
Overview of open source and commercial simulation models for
hydrological modelling and forecasting
Catchment scale modeling using TOPMODEL; Large scale modeling
using VIC Model, Ethics in modeling
Reference Books
HEC-RAS River Analysis System-Reference Manual
Anderson, M.G., and P.D. Bates. Model Validation: Perspectives in
Hydrological Science. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. England.
Singh VP, “Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology”, Water
Resources Publications, Littleton
Beven, K. J. Rainfall-Runoff Modeling: The Primer. John Wiley and
Sons, NY.
Systems Analysis and Surface Water Planning
Introduction to Systems Analysis
Linear Programming, simplex method, graphical method, dual
of linear programming, multipurpose reservoir planning (Single
reservoir application, multi reservoir application), reservoir
yield model (Complete model, implicit stochastic model)
Dynamic programming, Bellman’s principle, water allocation
to different water users, distribution of canal water to different
users
Use of uncontrolled inventory DP model for water import,
capacity expansion & sequencing, unit commitment
Non-linear programming, unconstrained non linear
programming , constrained non linear programming, Kahn-
Tucker conditions
Reservoir planning – Single reservoir and multi reservoir
applications using controlled output DP model and controlled
inventory DP model, Multi-objective optimization
Application of LINDO software to linear programming
problems
Reference Books
Simonovic, S. P., “Managing Water Resources: Methods and Tools for
a Systems Approach”, UNESCO Publishing, France.
Jain, S.K. and Singh, V.P, “Water Resources Systems Planning and
Management”, Elsevier
Loucks D.P. and van Beek E., “Water Resources Systems Planning
and Management”, UNESCO Publishing, The Netherlands
Ravindran, A., “Operations Research Principles and Practice”, John
Wiley & Sons
Loucks D.P., “Water Resources System Planning and Analysis”,
Prentice Hall Inc
Deterministic Hydrology
Systems Concept: Nature of systems approach, systems terminology, types of
systems:linear, time invariant and time variant systems and nonlinear systems
Hydrological Systems: The hydrological cycle as a system, unit hydrograph
methods, identification of hydrological systems, simulation of hydrological
systems
Linear Conceptual Models of Direct Runoff: Conceptual models such as
Nash, Dooge, Clark, Muskingum models; Comparison of conceptual models,
generalized linear system models and their limiting forms
Calibration of Conceptual Models: Use of moment matching, effect of data
errors of conceptual models; parsimonious models, parameters optimisation ,
equi-finality concept in model parameters estimation, model evaluation
measures
Physically Based Surface Flow Models:Overland flow models, channel
routing models – multilinear models, simplified hydraulic model, V-catchment
model- Top model, basic concepts
Nonlinear Deterministic Models: Nonlinearity in hydrology, nonlinear blackbox
models, problem of overland flow, linearization of nonlinear systems using
multi-linear systems
Watershed Models: Necessity for modeling, modeling philosophy, modeling
protocol, event based hydrological models, continuous simulation models
Reference Books
Beven, Keith, “Rainfall Runoff modelling –The Primer” 2nd edition,
Wiley- Blackwell
Dooge, J.C.I., and O’Kane, J.P., “Deterministic Methods in Systems
Hydrology”, A.A. Balkema
Singh, V.P., “Hydrologic Systems; Watershed Modelling Modelling”
Vol. II, Prentice Hall
Singh, V.P., “Hydrologic Systems; Rainfall Runoff Modelling”,
Vol. I, Prentice Hall
Groundwater Hydrology
Scope of groundwater hydrology and its historical development, aquifer
types and properties, compressibility of aquifers, methods of estimation of
hydraulic conductivity, anisotropy and heterogeneity of aquifers
Concept of representative elementary volume, Darcy law of groundwater
flow in porous media and its validity, continuity equation, Derivation of
groundwater flow equation, Dupits theory, Flow in ditches and galleries
tapping confined, leaky confined aquifersflow in unconfined aquifers with
and without surface recharge, unsaturated flow
Steady and unsteady flow into wells, Unsteady radial flow in aquifers,
equilibrium and nonequilibrium well pumping equations, analysis of test
pumping data of wells tapping confined, semi confined and unconfined
aquifers, recovery test, groundwater flow in partially penetrated aquifers,
flow near aquifer boundaries, multiple well systems
Evaluation of well loss parameters, specific capacity of wells, well
development and design,artificialand natural gravel pack wells
Groundwater budgeting and assessment, Methods of artificial
groundwater recharge, Induced recharge and rain water harvesting, river
bank filtration
Groundwater quality, seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers and its
abatement, Groundwater legislation in India and case histories
Reference Books
Todd. D.K. and Mays, L.W., “Groundwater Hydrology”, John
Wiley & Sons
Schwartz, F.W. and Zhang, H., “Fundamentals of Groundwater”,
John Wiley & Sons
Kruseman, G.P. and Deridder, N.A., “Analysis and Evaluation of
Pumping Test Data”, ILRI Publication No. 47
Karanth, K.R., “Groundwater, Assessment, Development and
Management”, MC Graw Hill Publishing Company
Freeze, R.A. and Cherry, J., “Groundwater”, Prentice Hall Inc
Groundwater Systems Analysis
Systems Concepts: System characteristics, component,
typesandconstraints, groundwater development, calibration and validation
Linear Programming: Graphical method, simplex method, big-M method
and dual simplex method
Dynamic Programming: Principal of optimality, recursive equation
representation, tabular method, example applications of dynamic
programming
Non Linear Programming: Classical optimization techniques,
constrained and unconstrained nonlinear algorithms, Lagrange multiplier
method and Kuhn- Tucker conditions
Numerical Modelling of Groundwater Flow:Review of differential
equations, finite difference approach, one-dimensional flow solution using
explicit, implicit methods, and Crank-Nicolson method, iterative methods,
Thomas algorithm, inverse modeling, stream-aquifer interaction, recent
modeling tools, embedded system
Planning of Groundwater Development: Water balance, assessment of
recharge, utilizable recharge, Indian practices, constraints on groundwater
development, feasibility check, optimal groundwater developments,
planning of groundwater development in canal command areas, planning
of groundwater development in coastal aquifers
Reference Books
Vedula, S., and Mujumdar, P.P., “Water Resources Systems”, Tata Mc
Graw Hill
Schwartz, F.W. and Zang, H., “Fundamentals of Ground Water”, John
Wiley & Sons
Ravindran, A., “Operations Research Principles and Practice”, John
Wiley & Sons
Wang, J.F., Anderson, M.P., 1982. Introduction to Groundwater
Modelling. Freeman, San Francisco, CA: 237 pp
Geophysical Investigations
Overview of geophysical techniques and their application in groundwater
exploration
Electrical resistivity methods for groundwater investigation; Principles,
electric-potential distribution in homogenous half space; Apparent
resistivity for common electrode configurations, current flow in
horizontally stratified earth, Vertical electrical sounding; Electrical
resistivity profiling and tomography; Inversion of Wenner and
Schlumberger apparent resistivity field data by partial curve matching and
Direct methods, correlation of interpreted resistivity data with local
geology, summation of resistivity in geoelectric section, Dar Zarrouk
parameters; Estimation of Transmissivity and Hydraulic conductivity
from resistivity data
Very low frequency (VLF), Ground penetration radar (GPR) methodsin
groundwater exploration, use of TDEM method in groundwater
exploration
Induced polarisationmethod and its application in groundwater
exploration of sandy zones in alluvial regions
Seismic refraction method for evaluation of bedrock investigation;
Applications in groundwater prospecting and limitations
Magnetic and gravity methods in groundwater targetting, applications and
their limitations
Reference Books
Zhdanov, M.S., “Geophysical electromagnetic theory and methods”
Elsevier
Nath, S.K., Patra, H.P. and Shahid, S., “Geophysical Prospecting for
Groundwater”, Oxford & IBH Publishing Company
Parasnis, D.S., “Principles of Applied Geophysics”,Chapman & Hall
Bhattacharya, P.K and Patra, H.P. “Direct Current Geoelectric
Sounding: Principles and Interpretation”, Elsevier
Keller, G.V. and Frischkhnechdt, F.C., “Electrical Methods in
Geophysical Prospecting”, PergamonPress
Planning and Management of Watersheds
Introduction:Principles of watershed management, objectives of
planning watershed projects, watershed delineation, determination of
priority critical areas, hydrological soil survey, land use survey and land
suitability analysis, concepts of land use planning
Systems Concepts: System component and constraints
Linear Programming: Graphical method, simplex method, duality and
dual simplex method
Nonlinear programming: Classical optimization techniques,
constrained and unconstrained nonlinear algorithms, Lagrange’s function,
Kuhn- Tucker conditions
Dynamic Programming: Principal of optimality recursive equation
representation, tabular method, water allocation to different water users
Economic Aspects: Basic frame work of economic analysis, steps in
economic analysis, discounting factors and discounting techniques;
Project economics–pattern of financing and credit and economic
evaluation
Multiple Use Concept: Watershed resources management with multiple
use concept
Modelling and Simulation Techniques: Model taxonomy, model
formulation, watershed simulation models, concept of integrated
watershed modeling
Reference Books
Vedula, S., and Mujumdar, P.P., “Water Resources Systems”, Tata
Mc Graw Hill
Ravindran, A., “Operations Research Principles and Practice”, John
Wiley & Sons
Chaturvedi, M.C., “Water Resources System Planning and
Management”, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Hall, W.A. and Dracup, J.A., “Water Resources Systems
Engineering”, Mc Graw Hill
Watershed Behavior and Conservation
Practices
Physical elements of a watershed, effects of land use changes on
hydrological cycle components
Concept of vegetative management of water yield and quality;
Ecosystem Services: Benefits to Human Societies
Natural and Human-induced watershed changes: Agents of watershed
changes; Climate change effects
Watershed planning, monitoring and assessment, Watershed
experiments, extrapolation of results from representative and
experimental basins, regional studies; Natural resource inventories
Estimation of Runoff using SCS and Rational Method suggested for
Indian conditions
Watershed development in India, Common Guidelines 2008,
Institutional arrangements at National, State, District, Project and
Village level, Allocation of funds, case studies; Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR)
Water erosion process, factors affecting erosion, types of erosion,
assessment of erosion, universal soil loss equation, control measures
for erosion, temporary and permanent measures
Reference Books
Brooks,K.N., P.F.Ffolliott, andJ.A.Magner.“Hydrology and
theManagement of Watersheds”,4thedition.Ames, Iowa:Wiley
Blackwell
Krishnaswamy, J., Lele, S., Jayakumar, R., “Hydrology and watershed
services in the Western Ghats, India.”. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.
Paul DeBarry, “Watersheds: Processes, Assessment and
Management”, John Wiley andSons, New York, NY
Frevert, R.K., Schwab, G.O., Edminster, T.W. and Barnes, K.K., “Soil
and Water Conservation Practices”, John Wiley & Sons
Tideman E.M. Watershed Management–Guidelines for Indian
Conditions, Omega Scientific Publishers, New Delhi
Environment Planning & Assessment of Projects
Environment components and communities, concepts of integrative
level and environmental planning, projection of human population
growth and related demands; Type of projects, propelling issues and
problem definition in planning,
Description of environmental setting and indicators, assessments of
physical environment; Geologic, hydrologic, climate and ecological
considerations, Biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity resources
and their classification, equitable use and conservation
International and national legislation on environmental planning and
assessment of projects; Introduction to various acts (Water, Air, Land
and Wild Life), network and role of agencies involved at various
stages of planning and implementation
Assessment of natural and manmade hazards, Air, water and soil
pollution: sources and impacts, vulnerability analysis, carrying
capacity analysis, water and ecological footprint: concepts and
assessment, environmental flows
Impact assessment frameworks and methodologies, decision support
prespective, conflict resolution, mitigation of hazards
Reference Books
Jorgensen, S.E.,”Introduction to Systems Ecology”, CRC
Philippe Quevauviller et al., “The Water Framework Directive: Action
programmes and adaptation to climate change”, RSC
Hoekstra, A. Y. and A.K. Chapagain, “Globalization of Water:
Sharing the planet’s freshwater resources”, Blackwell
Adolf, E. and Vili, T.D., “Air water and Soil Quality Modelling for
Risk and Impact Assessment”, Springer
Liu, D.H.F., Liptal, B.G. and Boris, P.A “Environmental Engineer’s
Handbook”, Lewis Publishers
Environmental Quality
Overview of Environment, components of environment and their
interaction, source and uses of water
Concepts from water, soil and air pollution chemistry, Microbiology
and ecology, solution, electroneutrality, equilibrium, reaction
kinetics, microbes in aquatic/terrestrial systems, types and functions,
aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Introduction to water, soil and air quality concepts, impurities and
quality characterization, physical, chemical and biological
parameters, Soil and water quality issues, transport and
transformation processes in surface and groundwater systems
Introduction to analytical methods and instruments, field sampling
methods, storage and preservation of samples, analytical estimation,
analytical quality control and error analysis modeling concepts
Mandates and existing monitoring networks of field surface and
groundwater organizations, design and review of monitoring
networks, evaluation and rationalization of networks, case studies.
Analysis and interpretation of quality data, concepts of statistical
techniques for data analysis, analysis for correlations, variability
trends, violations, reporting and graphical presentation
Legislation and management in environment quality, water and air
quality criteria and standards, national and international perspective
Reference Books
Ahuja S., “Monitoring Water Quality: Pollution Assessment,
Analysis, and Remediation”, Elsevier
Li Y., Migliaccio K., “Water Quality Concepts, Sampling, and
Analyses”, CRC Press
Masters, G.M., “Introduction to Environmental Science and
Engineering’, Pearson Education
“Standard Methods for Water & Wastewater Analysis” 21st
Edition, APHA
Crompton, T.R., ‘Soil Analysis: Handbook for Reference
Methods”, CRC Press
Mathess, G., “The properties of Groundwater”, John Wiley &
sons
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications in
Hydrology
Principal of Remote Sensing: Definition, active and passive remote
sensing, aerial and space platforms
Electromagnetic Radiation: EMR interaction with atmosphere,
atmospheric windows and their significance, interaction with earth
surface materials, specular and diffuse reflection surfaces, spectral
reflectance curves and spectral signature, spectral reflectance curves
of water, soil and vegetation
Satellite Programs and Sensors: Classification, description of multi
spectral scanning – along and across track scanners satellite sensors ,
resolution types, description of sensors in Landsat, SPOT, IRS series
Satellite Image Interpretations: Basic principles of image
interpretation, visual interpretation, elements of image interpretation,
digital image processing, supervised and unsupervised classification
Introduction to GIS: Components, data types – spatial, attribute and
metadata, raster and vector data and their comparison, data
abstraction, maps and map scale
Coordinate System: Datum, geographical coordinate system,
projected coordinate system and their need, basic projection types,
polyconic and UTM projections
Data Input and Editing: Raster and vector data formats,
georeferencing, data input using scanner and on-screen digitization,
input using XY data, data editing, attribute data
Remote Sensing and GIS Applications: LULC Classification,flood
plain mapping and zoning, ground water studies, erosion
sedimentation studies, watershed and drainage delineation
Reference Books
Lillesand, T.M. and Kieffer, “Remote Sensing and Image
Interpretation”, – 6th Reprint, Joh Wiley and Sons
Chang, K, “Introduction to Geographical Systems”, 4th Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill
DeMers, M.N., “Fundamentals of Geographical Information
Systems”, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons
Schowengerdt, R.A., “Remote Sensing Models and Methods for
Image Processing”, 3rd Edition, Academic Press