Small Hydropower Planning & Management
Forms, development and purposes of water resources, types of hydro projects, SHP
development and its relevance, Electricity acts, constitutional provisions, development
process, allotment of sites, opportunities
Small hydropower planning on existing structures and new sites
Different methods for stream gauging, rainfall, runoff and its estimation by different
methods, peak flood estimation, demonstration of discharge measuring instruments
Flow duration studies, assessment of power potential and determination of installed
capacity
Topographical, geological and power evacuation surveys and investigations,
demonstration of surveying instruments, site selection for SHP projects
Different types of project reports and their relevance Different methods of project implementation
Financing of projects, cost estimation for different components, financial and economic
analysis, clean development mechanism, management of SHP plants
Reference Books
Harvey, A., Brown, A. and Hettiarachi, P., âMicro Hydro Design Manualâ,
Intermediate Technology,
Fritz, J.J., âSmall and Mini Hydro Power Systems: Resource Assessment and Project
Feasibilityâ, McGraw Hills.
Gulliver, J.S. and Arndt, E.A., âHandbook of Hydro Electric Engineeringâ, McGraw Hills.
Kausal, M.L. and Chauhan, G., âPlanning and Design of Small Hydroelectric
Projectsâ, (Publication No. 305), Central Board of Irrigation and Power.
âCivil Engineering Guidelines for Hydroelectric Projectsâ, (Vol. 4-Small Hydro), ASCE.
Nigam, P.S., âHandbook of Hydroelectric Engineeringâ, Nem Chand and Bros. âGuidelines to Develop
Small Hydropower Plantsâ, ESHA.
Design of SHP Structures
Hydraulics and structural designs of civil works, national and international standards and
codes of practice, diversion works and intake structures, site selection, innovative designs.
Power house layouts , channel (lined and unlined), under drainage works, tunnels and tail race
channel
Sediment properties and transport, desilting devices, silt disposal Cross drainage works
Balancing reservoir, spillway and forebay tank Penstock, anchor block and saddle, surge tank
Power house buildings, material handling, machine foundation
Reference Books
- Mosonyi, E., âWater Power Developmentâ, Vol. I and II, Nem Chand and Brothers.
- Brown, G., âHydro-electric Engineering Practiceâ, Vol. I, II & III, CBS Publication.
- âCivil Engineering Guidelines for Hydroelectric Projectsâ, Vol. II and IV, American
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). - Nigam, P.S., âHand book of Hydroelectric Engineeringâ, Nem Chand and Brothers.
- Varshney, R.S., âHydropower Structuresâ, Nem Chand and Brothers.
- National and International Standards.
Renewable Energy resources development project
Introduction to energy sources, reserves and estimates, global energy scenario, renewable energy vis-a-vis environment implications, global warming and climate change.
Solar energy and its application, availability of solar radiation energy, collection and solar
thermal storage, photovoltaic and thermal power generation.
Wind energy and its application, types of wind mills and their characteristics, elementary design principles.
Biomass and its sources, energy plantation, production of fuel wood.
Bio-conversion processes, bio-gas, bio-diesel and ethanol production and utilization.
Thermo-chemical processes, biomass gasification, process, types of reactors, utilization of
producer gas for thermal and electricity generation.
New energy technology, ocean and geothermal energy, hydrogen energy, alternate fuels for
surface transportation
Reference books
- Duffie, J.A. and Beckman, W.A., âSolar Engineering of Thermal Processâ, 3″ Edition, John
Wiley,. - Charles, Y. W.-B. and Essel, B. H., âBiomass Conversion and Technologyâ, John
Wiley. - Lysen, E.H.A., âIntroduction to Wind Energyâ, Franklin Institute Press.
- Clare, R., âTidal Power: Trends and Developmentâ, Thomas Telford.
- âWorld Energy Outlook 2009â, International Energy Agency Publication.
- Ledjeff, K. et al., âHydrogen: A Clean Permanent Source of Future
Energyâ, Pergamon Press. - Kemp, W.H., âThe Renewable Energy Handbook: A Guide to Rural Energy
Independence, Off-Grid and Sustainable Energyâ, Aztext Press.
Hydro Electric Equipment
- Types, characteristics and testing of ac generators
- Sizing and specification of single and three phase generators
- Power factor and its correction methodologies, excitation systems
- Electro-mechanical and digital governor, electronic load controller
- Types of relays, contactors and control schemes for SHP stations
- Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), integrated computer control
system for SHP station - Switchyard equipments, power and instrument transformers, circuit breakers, bus-bar
- Protection schemes for generator, transformer and bus-bar, design of circuit diagram
for auxiliary and grounding systems
Reference Books
- Reimert, D., âProtective Relaying for Power Generation Systemsâ, Taylor and Francis.
- Clemen, D.M., âHydro Plant Electrical Systemsâ, HCI Publication.
- Kundur, P., âPower System Stability and Controlâ, McGraw Hill Inc.
- Harker, K., âPower System Commissioning and Maintenance Practiceâ, The
Institution of Electrical Engineers. - âManual on Layout of Substationsâ, Central Board of Irrigation and Power.
- âManual on Sub-station, Design of Earthing-Mat for High-Voltage Substationâ,
Central Board of Irrigation and Power.
Hydro Mechanical Equipment
Classification and working principles of hydro turbines, different components of impulse
and reaction turbines
Design concepts of hydro turbines, pump-as-turbine and other non conventional hydro turbines
Characteristics of hydro turbines, geometric similarity, main characteristic and
operating characteristic curves, hill curves
Governing of hydro turbines, mechanical and electro-mechanical governors, electronic load
controller, mechanical drives, gear box, pulleys
Selection of hydro turbines based on specific speed and their optimal selection Classification,
components and selection of gates and valves
Model testing of hydro turbines, performance testing of turbines at site
Causes and impact of cavitation, silt erosion and their combined effect on operation of hydro
turbines
Erection, commissioning, operation and maintenance of turbines
Reference Books
- Mosonyi, E., âWater Power Developmentâ, Vol. I and II, Nem Chand and Brothers.
- Nigam, P.S., âHandbook of Hydroelectric Engineeringâ, Nem Chand and Brothers.
- Lal, J., âHydraulic Mechinesâ, 3âá” edition (reprint), Metropolitan Book Co. Private
Limited. - National and International Standards.
- Brown, G., âHydro-electric Engineering Practiceâ, Vol. II, CBS Publication
Environmental Planning & Management
Basic ecological principles, concept and components of ecosystem, energy flow, nutrient cycling, cybernetics, ecological regulation, ecological diversity
Interaction of various components of environment, ecological disorders
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of water resources projects with emphasis on
renewable energy projects e.g. SHP, biomass, solar energy
Conservation of resources, environmental policies, laws and acts
Significance of EIA of renewable energy projects, case studies of large and small hydro projects
Environmental compatible growth.
Reference Books
- Naidu, B.S.K., âPlanning and Management of Hydropower Resources in Indiaâ, CBIP.
- Sengupta, B. and Guha, H., âConstruction Management and Planningâ, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company Ltd. - Chaturvedi, M.C., Jain, S.K. and Singh, V.P., âWater Resource System Planning and
Managementâ, Tata Mcgraw Hill. - Saxena, K.D., âEnvironmental Planning, Policies and Programmes in Indiaâ, Sipra
Publications. - Jain, S.K., âWater Resource System Planning and Managementâ, Elsevier publication.
- Khan, M.A., âEnvironment Biodiversity and Conservationâ, APH publication.
Wind Energy Technology
Wind energy scenario in India, properties of wind, wind velocity and wind rose diagram,
estimation of power in wind.
Types of wind turbines, characteristics, construction of wind mills.
Aerodynamic considerations of wind mill design, wind stream profile, rotor blade profile
and cross section.
Drive system-gears, wind electric generators, regulating and control systems for wind mills.
Performance evaluation and recent technologies of wind energy conversion system Wind energy potential estimation and site selection; wind farms, cost estimation of the energy from wind energy conversion system.
Reference Books
- Pillai, G.M., âWind Power Development in Indiaâ, Part-II, Shailesh Art Print.
- Sorensen, B., âRenewable Energyâ, Academic Press.
- Burton, T. et a1, âWind Energy Handbookâ, John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
- Lysen, E.H.A., âIntroduction to Wind Energyâ, Franklin Institute Press.
- Boyle, G., âRenewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Futureâ, Oxford University
Press. - Bansal, N.K., Kleemann, M. and Heliss, M., âRenewable Energy Sources and
Conversion Technologyâ, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
Integrated management of Water bodies
- Hydrology, types, hydrological processes and water balance of water bodies,
estimation of present and projected demands, human impacts, inventory of human activities in a basinland use and impact of anthropogenic activities on water quality, domestic water demand,
wastewater generation, collection and treatment and disposal, urban storm water, industrial
waste generaion, open defication, municipal solid wastes collection, transport and disposal,
impacts of dumping in drains or sewer lines - Point and non point sources, types of water pollution, water quality criteria and
standards, designated best uses of water; equilibrium, acid base, oxidation reduction,
precipitation and complex reactions - Physical methods (turbidimetry, nephlometry, optical methods of
measurement, potentiometry, chromatography, spectroscopy); measurement of sulphates, Na, DO, BOD, TOC, all forms of N, fluorides exposure to analytical techniques of HC like ICP, AAS, GC, biological
components (periphyton, phytoplankton, zoobenthos, nekton, biodiversity indices, trophic status,
P/R ratio microbiological MPN, coliform and streptococcus, bioindicators, biomonitoring of
water bodies), sampling, schedule and water quality monitoring program of national rivers and
lakes; sampling protocol of NRCD, standards, water quality indices, strategy for water
quality management, case histories of ongoing projects. - Principles of environmental management, EIA, water and sustainable
development, 7 involvement of stakeholders, water governance, environmental education, public participation; Legal, constitutional provisions, national policies, legal and
institutional arrangement for the management of water quality and quantity. - Application of remote sensing and GIS for water management, modeling (forecasting
and growth modeling), ecoâmapping, inter river basin transfer, costâbenefit
analysis, environmental taxes, economics of natural resources;
Reference Books
- Lenton, R. and Muller, M. and Carriger, S., âIntegrated Water Resources Management
in Practiceâ, Earthscan Publishers. - Mollinga, P.P., Dixit, A. and Athukorala, K., âIntegrated Water Resources
Management Global Theory Emerging Practice and Local Needsâ, SAGE publication.
3 Timmerman, J. G., Pahl-Wostl, C. and Moltgen, J., âThe Adaptiveness of
IWRM, Analysing European IWRM Researchâ, IWA Publisher. - Liu, D. H. and Liptak, B.G., âEnvironmental Engineers Handbookâ, 2âżá” edition CRC Press.
- âStandard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Waterâ, 21Ëą’ edition, American
Public Health Association. - Clair, S., McCarty, P.L. and Parkin, G.F., âChemistry for Environmental
Engineeringâ, McGraw Hill Publication. - Kulkarni, V. and Ramachandra, T.V., âEnvironment Managementâ, TERI Press.
Aquatic Ecology
Definition, relevance, principles and scope of ecology, sub-divisions, Structure and functions,
biotic and abiotic components and productivity of ecosystem and energy flow, materials
cycling, energetics, limiting factors, development and evolution; Trophic levels, food
chain and food webs, ecological pyramids, competition, population ecology.
Lakes, wetlands and rivers, reservoirs and springs, structure and functions, usefulness, natural
and manmade ecosystems; concept, importance and conservation of aquatic biodiversity role of invasive species and its importance
System analysis, ecosystem models, Stressed ecosystems, homeostasis,
ecological succession, ecosystem resilience
Pollution of lakes and rivers, causes, impacts and control of eutrophication; principles
and application of restoration methods, ecotechnologies
National/international perspectives, policies, Ramsar convention, NLCP, NRCD, case studies of Dal lake, Nainital lake, Chilka, Loktak and Asan wetlands, Tehri dam reservoir, river
Ganges and Yamuna.
Elementary biochemistry, salient features of biomolecules, enzymes and other tools of
biotechnology, discovery and diversity, prokaryotic cell, microbial energetics,
biosynthesis and nutrition, autotrophic way of life, growth, macromolecular synthesis.
Microorganism in environment, microbiology of water, bacteria and viruses, bacteriophages,
animal and plant viruses, structure, replication and quantification, structure and diversity
of algae, protozoa and rotifers.
Reference Books
- Odum, E.P., Barrick, M., and Barrett, G.W., âFundamentals of Ecologyâ, 3Êłá” edition,
W.D. Saunders. - Wetzel, R.G., âLimnology: Lakes and Rivers Ecosystemsâ, 3â edition, W.D. Saunders.
- Christer, B. and Lars, A.H., âThe Biology of Lakes and Pondsâ, Oxford University Press.
- Cooke, G.D. et a1, âRestoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirsâ, 3’á” edition,
Taylor and Francis publication. - Roberts, M.B.V. and Ingram N.R., âBiologyâ, Nelson Science Publishers.
- Smith, J.E., âBiotechnologyâ, 5″ edition, South Asian Press.
Instrumentation for Small power
Industrial instrumentation, transducers and their applications.
Instrumentation for power system, analog and digital instruments, principles of
measurement of voltage, current and power.
Electronic voltmeters for non-sinusoidal voltages, dc voltmeter, mechanical and electrical
tachometer, altimeter.
Current transformers and potential transformers, AC/DC current probs.
Digital instrumentation, technology of regulators, sensors and actuators, recorders, signal
processing circuits, data acquisition system.
Types of a.c. bridges, equation for bridge balance, measurement of self inductance, capacitance,
mutual inductance and frequency.
Case study of the instrumentation scheme used in small hydro power development.
Reference Books
- Doebelin, E. 0., âMeasurement Systems Application and Designâ, 5″ edition, Tata
- Patranabis, D., âPrinciples of Industrial Instrumentationâ, 2 Hill Publishing Company.
ndedition, Tata McGraw-
- Oliver, B., âElectronic Measurements and Instrumentationâ, 1Ëąá” edition, Tata McGraw- Hill
Publishing Company. - Bouwens A., âDigital Instrumentationâ, 1Ëąá” edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
- Beckwith, T.G., Marangoni, R.D. and Lienhard, J.H., âMechanical Measurementsâ, 6á”ʰ edition,
Prentice Hall Publishers. - Sawhney, A.K., âA course in Electrical and Electronic Measurement
and Instrumentationâ, liá” edition, Dhanpat Rai and Sons Publishers.
Rural Electrical Energy System Planning & Design
Electrical load survey and forecasting, rural load management. Route survey and profiling of
transmission and distribution lines.
Mechanical design of low-tension distribution lines, selection of poles/supports etc. Electrical
design of low-tension distribution lines: selection of conductors and insulators etc.
Planning, selection and design of substations for rural electrical system.
Load flow methods for transmission and distribution system; fault analysis: different types of
faults and their calculation procedures
Co-ordination between power and tele-communication lines Maintenance of transmission and
distribution lines
Reference Books
- Kamaraju, V., âElectric Power Distribution Systemâ, Tata McGraw Hill Education
Private Limited. - Grainger, J.J. and Stevenson, W.D., âPower System Analysisâ, Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited. - Jangwala, N.K., âModern Trends and Practices in Power Subtransmission and
Distribution Systemsâ, Vol.-I and II, CBIP Publication. - Widmer, P. and Arter, A., âVillage Electrificationâ, MHPG, SKAT Publication.
- Pabla A.S., âElectric Power Distributionâ, 5á”ʰ edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company. - Harker, K., âPower System Commissioning and Maintenance Practiceâ, The
Institution of Electrical Engineers. - Raina, K.B. and Bhattacharya, S.K., âElectrical Design Estimating and Costingâ, New Age
International Publisher Limited.
Remote Sensing & GIS Planning for SHP Planning
Remote sensing: Introduction, Satellite platforms and sensors, data acquisition, Indian
satellite system.
Satellite image: format, resolution, multispectral images, Image processing software, Geo-
referencing, pre-processing and enhancement. Information extraction: supervised and
unsupervised classification
Geographical Information System: introduction, components, Coordinate system,
Projection system.
Data sources and data collection for small hydro projects: Field survey, topographic maps,
satellite images, GPS, Digitization and layers creation.
Data types â Spatial, non-spatial, Vector and Raster data, Topological relationship.
Data base development for SHP: Database structure, editing, data retrieval and query.
Managing data errors: Rubber sheeting, Edge matching, Removal of sliver polygon.
Digital elevation model: characteristics, DEM generation, parameters extraction from DEM.
SHP data analysesâCatchments delineation – Overlay analyses, Buffering, Neighborhood
operation, and distance and area measurement. Network based analysis.
Runoff modeling, suitable site selection for small hydro power projects. GIS based Case study for development of small hydro power projects.
Reference Books
- Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W., âRemote Sensing and Image Interpretationâ, 5á”
edition, John Willey and Sons Pte. Ltd. - Panda, B.C., âRemote Sensing Principles and Applicationsâ, Viva Books Private
Limited. - Lo, C.P. and Yeung, A. K.W., âConcepts and Techniques of Geographic Information Systemsâ,
Prentice Hall Inc. - Chang, K.T., âIntroduction to Geographic Information Systemsâ, Tata Mc Graw-Hill.
- Burrough, P.A., âPrinciples of GIS for Land Resources Assessmentâ, Oxford
University Press.
Biomass production & utilization
Energy crisis, rural and urban energy loads, biomass as a source of energy, energy
plantation, forest and agro residues, aquatic biomass, animal waste.
Classification, shape, size, ash content and volatile matter in biomass.
Biomass characteristics, procedures, proximate and ultimate analysis, ash deformation and
fusion characteristics, calorific value, bulk density, devolatilisation
Biomass production through energy plantation, agroforestry, short rotation intensive
culture, biomass harvesting, handling and pre-conversion processes.
Physical, biological and thermo-chemical conversion processes, combustion, pyrolysis,
gasification, bio-diesel, biogas production, biogas plants, briquetting/size reduction.
Synthetic fuel production, bagasse based co-generation for power, utilization of biomass for
the generation of solid, liquid/gaseous fuels for meeting heat and power needs Environmental
aspects of biomass production and utilisation and waste minimization system.
Reference Books
- Richard, B.D.O., âFats and Oils Formulating and Processing for Applicationâ, 3Êł
edition, CRC Press. - Donald, K., âBiomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels and Chemicalsâ, Academic press.
- Venkat, R.P. and Srinivas, S.N., âBiomass Energy Systemsâ, Proceeding of
International Conference, Feb. 26-27, 1996, TERI Press. - Maheshwari, R.C., âBioenergy for Rural Energisationâ, Concept publication company
- Nair, Ramchandra P.K., âAn Introduction to Agroforestryâ, Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Operation & Maintenance of Small Plants
Intake weir, desilting tank, forebay, power channel, spillways and power house building Gates,
valves, trash rack and penstock
Turbines, governors and auxiliaries Hydro-generator and excitation system
Control panels, relays, circuit breakers, transformers, batteries and charging equipments Earthing
system, switchyard and interconnecting transmission lines
Safety aspects and disaster management in small hydropower plants
Financial management for operation and maintenance of small hydropower plants
Reference Books
- âMaintenance and Repair Manual for Private Micro Hydropower: Plantsâ, developed by DCS
Technology Development, ICIMOD publication. - âInstallation and Commissioning Manual for Micro Hydro Plantsâ, developed by DCS
Technology Development, ICIMOD publication. - Facilities, Instructions, Standards and Techniques (FIST) Manuals, Vol. I-VI, USBR.
- Fischer, G. et a1, âGovernor product informationâ, SKAT.
- Gulliver, J.S. and Arndt, E.A., âHandbook of Hydro Electric Engineeringâ, McGraw
Hills. - Harker, K., âPower System Commissioning and Maintenance Practiceâ, The
Institution of Electrical Engineers